The Flooding of the Black Sea: A Freshwater Lake Transformed

Introduction

The Black Sea, located between southeastern Europe and western Asia, has long been a subject of fascination for scientists due to its unique geological history. In particular, recent research suggests that it was once a freshwater lake that experienced a massive influx of seawater following the last ice age. This article will explore the evidence supporting this hypothesis, examining the implications of such an event on the region’s ecology and human habitation.

Background and Context

The Black Sea is connected to the Mediterranean Sea via the Bosporus Strait, which separates Istanbul into its European and Asian sides. The water exchange between these two bodies of water has been a significant factor in shaping their distinct ecological characteristics. However, the geological history of this connection remains poorly understood. Some researchers have posited that the Black Sea was once an isolated freshwater lake before being inundated with seawater from the Mediterranean following the last ice age.

Geological Evidence

The Bosporus Strait and Sea Level Changes

The formation and subsequent flooding of the Bosporus Strait provide crucial evidence for the freshwater lake hypothesis. Paleogeographic reconstructions suggest that during periods of lower sea levels, such as those experienced at the end of the last ice age, a land bridge may have existed between present-day Turkey and Ukraine, effectively isolating the Black Sea from the Mediterranean.

As global temperatures rose, melting glaciers led to a significant rise in sea levels worldwide. This would have caused seawater from the Mediterranean to pour into the previously isolated basin through narrow channels or depressions that eventually became the Bosporus Strait. This sudden influx of water could explain both the brackish nature of the Black Sea today and the presence of marine fossils found on its shores.

Sediment Cores

Sediment cores extracted from the bottom of the Black Sea also provide valuable insights into its geological history. These sedimentary records reveal distinct layers corresponding to different periods in time, each containing unique characteristics that reflect their depositional environment.

One notable feature observed in these cores is a sharp boundary between older clay-rich sediments and younger, coarser-grained deposits. The former are thought to represent the period when the Black Sea was an isolated freshwater lake, while the latter are indicative of increased erosion resulting from the flooding event. Radiocarbon dating of organic material within these sediment layers supports the notion that this transition occurred around 7,600 years ago - consistent with estimates for post-glacial sea-level rise.

Ecological Implications

The flooding of the Black Sea would have had profound consequences on its ecological composition and diversity. Prior to inundation, it is likely that freshwater species dominated the lake’s ecosystems, including endemic fish populations such as the now-extinct Holarctic cyprinids. However, with the influx of seawater came an invasion of marine species better adapted to saltier conditions.

This sudden change in salinity would have led to a mass extinction event for many freshwater organisms unable to tolerate these new conditions. At the same time, the Black Sea’s unique brackish waters provided a novel environment that facilitated speciation among certain groups, such as gobies and mollusks. Today, over 70% of the fish species found in the Black Sea are endemic, reflecting this complex ecological history.

Human Implications

The flooding of the Black Sea has also been implicated in discussions surrounding human habitation and migration patterns throughout the region. Some researchers have hypothesized that prior to inundation, the area surrounding the freshwater lake supported thriving agricultural communities due to its fertile soils and temperate climate.

As seawater flooded into the basin, it is likely that these settlements were gradually submerged or rendered uninhabitable by rising water levels and increased salinity in the soil. This event may have forced populations living along the Black Sea’s shores to migrate inland, potentially contributing to major demographic shifts across southeastern Europe and western Asia during this period.

Conclusion

The evidence presented here supports the hypothesis that the Black Sea was once a freshwater lake that experienced a massive influx of seawater following the last ice age. This transformative event has had profound implications for both the ecology and human history of the region, shaping its unique characteristics in ways that continue to be studied and understood today.

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[93] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[94] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[95] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[96] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[97] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[98] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[99] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[100] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[101] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[102] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[103] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[104] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[105] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[106] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[107] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[108] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[109] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[110] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[111] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[112] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[113] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[114] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[115] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[116] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[117] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[118] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[119] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[120] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[121] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[122] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[123] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[124] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[125] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[126] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[127] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[128] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[129] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[130] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[131] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[132] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[133] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[134] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[135] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[136] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[137] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[138] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[139] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[140] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[141] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[142] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[143] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[144] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[145] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[146] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[147] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[148] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[149] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[150] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[151] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[152] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[153] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[154] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[155] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[156] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[157] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[158] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[159] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[160] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[161] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[162] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[163] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[164] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[165] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[166] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[167] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[168] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[169] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[170] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[171] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[172] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[173] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[174] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[175] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[176] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[177] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[178] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[179] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[180] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[181] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[182] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[183] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[184] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[185] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[186] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[187] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[188] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[189] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[190] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[191] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[192] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[193] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[194] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[195] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[196] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[197] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[198] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[199] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[200] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[201] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[202] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[203] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019). The European component of the Silk Road: new data on the Black Sea Region. Quaternary International, 486, 95-117.

[204] Hiscott, R. N., Kocurek, G., & Altin, A. I. (2019). Morphology and stratigraphy of an ancient Nile River delta: the Suez Delta, NW Gulf of Suez, Egypt. Sedimentary Geology, 378, 49-68.

[205] Yanko-Hombach, V., Markova, M. T., Demirkesen, N., & Kasse, C. (2019).